TD 4- HRM - 402 Delivering Training and Development Essay

TD 4- HRM - 402 Delivering Training and Development - Essay Example Following the amount of factual data and interpersonal skills needed, the blended learning method is the most suitable as each of the individual methods used contribute to more quality delivery of training and development. Since lengthy sessions are involved in delivering facts and developing skills, the rationale of choosing the blended learning method is to ensure that different learning levels are adapted as various departments within Wal-Mart require different levels of competency from different ranks of employees(United States Department of Labor, 2010), Guthrie, A. (2014). Wal-Mart International Head Sees Difficult Operating Environment. The Wall Street Journal. Accessed online on January 19, 2015 from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303426304579403663162388876 United States Department of Labor. (2010). Best Practices for the Development, Delivery, and Evaluation of Susan Harwood Training Grants. Accessed online on January 19, 2015 from

History Civil War Movie - Lincoln (2012) Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History Civil War - Lincoln (2012) - Movie Review Example The movie appreciates the most remarkable historical event in the American history. The movie displays the efforts put forward by Abraham Lincoln during his last years in power to pass the 13th Amendment in the U.S. Constitution with the help of the House of Representatives. In this sense, some social issues like the rights to vote by the African Americans and women and slavery are among the contributors to its amendment. In Lincoln (2012), a key issue revolves around social class and not race. Lincoln used the North Industrialists to fund most of his campaigns because it gave them the power to levy heavy taxes on people living in the South so that the companies in the North can grow. Through this, there seems to be a divide between the two regions. The North was keen about economic prowess, land ownership, free markets and owning the bank of the United States. Since the South did not have a good representation, it underwent oppression through taxes. Regarding interests, the North wa s a racist hub with slavery being dominant in the South. Through this Abraham Lincoln, while relating to the movie, the Unite States was able to enforce the Thirteenth Amendment in her constitution. In the amendment, the senate abolished the widespread slavery and involuntary servitude. The only exception in this amendment is when slavery is used as a corrective measure especially when punishing criminals. Though the movie carries a good message, its storyline has no concrete documentation. Critics term the Lincoln (2012) movie as a misleading historical movie. For instance, in this movie, Lincoln, who is the President of the United States orders two of his congressional representatives to use all means to pass the 13th amendment. The President in the movie uses this phrase to show authority: Critics in some way agree with the quote because historical documentation proves so. However, the tone in the command, the facial expression as well as the context in which it

Roles Of Human Resource Management

Roles Of Human Resource Management In the past few years, roles for HR professionals were viewed in terms of transition from operational to strategic; qualitative to quantitative; policing to partnering; short-term to long-term; administrative to consultative; functionally oriented to business oriented; internally focused to externally and customer-focused; reactive to proactive; activity-focused to solutions-focused (Ulrich, 1997). However, these transitions have been seen as too simplistic. In fact, the roles of HR professionals are multiple, not single. In order to create value and deliver results, HR professionals must not only focus on the activities or work of HR but also define the deliverables of the work. Therefore, Ulrich (1997) came out a multiple-role model for human resource management (See Figure 2-1). The two axes represent the HR professionals focus and activities. Focus ranges from long-term/strategic to short-term/operational. HR professionals must learn to be both strategic and operational, focusing on the long term and short term. Activities rang from managing process (HR tools and systems) to managing people. These two axes delineate four principal HR roles which are: (1) Management of strategic human resources; (2) Management of firm infrastructure; (3) Management of the employee contribution; and (4) management of transformation and change (Ulrich 1997). In a short word, the roles of HR professional are strategic partner; administrative expert; employee champion and change agent. Table 2-1 summarizes the deliverables, metaphor and activities the HR professional must perform to fulfill the role. Figure 2-1 HR Roles in Building a Competitive Organization Source: Ulrich, 1997 Table 2-1 Definition of HR roles Role/Cell Deliverable/Outcome Metaphor Activity Management of Strategic Human Resources Executing strategy Strategic Partner Aligning HR and business strategy: Organizational diagnosis Management of Firm Infrastructure Building an efficient infrastructure Administrative Expert Reengineering Organization Processes: Shared service Management of Employee Contribution Increasing employee commitment and capability Employee Champion Listening and responding to Employees: Providing resources to employees Management of Transformation and Change Creating a renewed organization Change Agent Managing transformation and change: Ensuring capacity for change Source: Ulrich, 1997 Management of Strategic Human Resources-Strategic Partner As Ulrich said, HR professionals pay a strategic role when they have the ability to translate business strategy into action (Ulrich, 1997). To achieve this, the HR manager must be able to ask appropriate questions and contribute to business decisions. As a result, the HR manager must develop business acumen, a customer orientation and an awareness of the competition to be able to link business strategy to HR polices and practices. However, research suggests that only a minority of CEOs involve their HR managers in formulating business strategy (Nankervis, 2000 and Johnson, 2000). Evidence indicate that there is growing awareness of the need for HR managers to become actively involved at the strategic level, and increasingly recognize that organizations that have a CEO who recognizes the significance of HRM have a competitive advantage (Fisher and Dowling, 1999; Way, 2000). Management of Firm Infrastructure-Administrative Expert According to Ulrich, to become administrative experts, HR professionals must be able to reengineer HR activities through the use of technology, rethinking and redesigning work processes and the continues improvement of all organizational processes; see HR as creating value; and measure HR results in terms of efficiency (cost) and effectiveness (quality) (Ulrich, 1997; Blackburn and Rosen, 1995). Research also indicates that the competency levels of HR managers in high-performing firms are significantly higher than those of HR managers in low-performing firms (Yeung, 1998) Management of Employee Contribution-Employee Champion Work as employee champion requires that the HR professional must be able to and meet the needs of employees. This can achieve by being the employees voice in management discussions, by being fair and principled, by assuring employees that their concerns are being heard and by helping employees to find new resources so that enable them to successfully perform their jobs (Ulrich, 1997). Failure to be an employee champion will see HRM facing a loss of trust for losing sight of the needs, aspirations and interests of the workforce (Kochan, 2003). Ignoring employee-related outcomes may result in lower jog satisfaction, lower commitment and reduced performance, which in turn, negatively affect organizational performance (Guest, 2002). Management of Transformation and Change-Change Agent Act as change agent can be achieved by learning change in the HR function and by developing problem-solving communication and influence skills. Gloet argues that one way for HRM to reinvent itself is via the development and maintenance of learning environments, where knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination are valued (Gloet, 2003). Ulrich, D. (1997) Human resource Champions: The nest agenda for adding value and delivering results, Harvard Business School Press, USA Nankervis, A. Small packages, HR monthly, November 2000, pp.42-3 Johnson, E.K. (2000), The practice of human resource management in New Zealand: Strategic and best practice?, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource, vol.38, no,2, 2000, pp.69-83. Fisher,C. and Dowling, P. (1999), Support for an HR approach in Australia: the perspective of senior HR managers, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource, vol.37, no.1,1999,pp.2-19. Way, N. (2000), A new world of people power, Business Review Weekly, 16 June 2000, pp. 62-6. Blackburn and Rosen, Does HRM walk the TQM talk?, HR Magazine, July 1995, pp. 68-72. Yeung, A, Human Resource Competencies in Hong Kong; Research Findings and Applications Guide, HKIHRM/University of Michigan Business School, Hong Kong, 1998, p.4. Ellig, B, HR must balance demands of dual roles, HR News, July, 1996, p.9. Allen, C. and Lovell, K., The effects of high performance work systems on employees in aged care, Labour and Industry, vol.13, no.3, 2003, p.14. Kochan, T., quoted in Trinca, H,HR needs to rebuild trust, Australian Financial Review, 11 November 2003, p. 59. Guesr, D, 2002, op. cit., p.335. Gloet, M, The changing role of the HRM function in the knowledge economy; the links to quality knowledge management, paper presented at the 8th International Conferece on ISO and TQM, Montreal, April 2003, pp. 1-7. 2.2 Human Resource Management overview in China Since the late 1970s, China has been going through a transition. The economic reform in China has led to impressive growth and significant integration into the global economy. These developments have resulted in major changes in the management of industrial enterprises and hold considerable implication for HR practices in the nation with the largest workforce in the world. In China, HR practices have been shaped by a host of ideological, historical, political and economic factors. Under the economic reform programmed, although some market forces have been introduced into the HR system, the influence of the state is still considerable (Nyaw, 1995:193). In 1979, China introduced the open door policy. Since then, economic reforms have brought many changes to the business environment. The end of the iron rice bowl policy has created a new employment market. SOEs have to compete with joint ventures and privately owned enterprises. With reforms in HR practices, managers in SOEs have more a utonomy including the authority to hire and fire. There are significant differences in HR practices between firms of different ownership. MNCs and joint ventures have brought into China not only investment but also management practices. For example, labour contracts have replaced lifetime employment. A performance-based pay system is gradually replacing the seniority pay system. These practices have an important influence on domestic firms in changing their HR practices (Warner, 2001) Benson and Zhu (1999) observed that there were three major models of HRM in Chinese enterprises. The first was a traditional model that existed in large SOEs where there was surplus labour. These SOEs had close ties with the government and contributed to local development. They had traditional HR management systems. The second model was observed in foreign-owned enterprises or newly established domestic private enterprises. They had fewer constraints than SOEs. They realized that their success based either on western or Japanese systems. The third model was observed in firms that were undergoing a transition from the old to the new systems of HR management. They adopted a HR management style with Chinese characteristics. Nyaw, M.K. (1995) Human resource management in the Peoples Republic of China, in Moore, L.F. and Jennings, P.D. (eds), Human Resource Management on the Pacific Rim, Walter de Gruyter, New York, 187-216. Warner, M. (2001), Human resource management in the Peoples Republic of China, in Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. (eds), Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, Routledge, London and New York, 19-33. Benson, J. and Zhu, Y. (1999), Markets, firms and workers: The transformation of human resource management in Chinese state-owned enterprises, Human resource management Journal, Vol.9., No.4, 58-74. 2.3 Human Resource Management Outcomes HRM is concerned with both organizational performance and employee wellbeing which means that any evaluation of HRs contribution must incorporate both organizations and employees perspectives. The contribution of HRM to the organizational performance included aligning HR strategies with organizational strategies, managing the corporate culture to win employee commitment and being efficient in managing HR activities. On the other hand, the contribution to individual wellbeing relate to employee attitudes and behavior. High-performance HRM benefits the organization because the way employees respond to HRM initiatives is linked to their job performance and ultimately to organizational performance (Guest, 2002). Therefore, when evaluate HRM performance, following outcomes should be considered: Adaptability: that means HRM strategies and policies foster organizational and employee flexibility. The whole organization and employee ready for change and accept change. After that, innovation and creativity encouraged, knowledge is recognized as a critical asset and the organization utilize people with different background and value systems. Commitment: this concern with HRM policies enhance employee identification with and attachment to their job and the organization. High level of commitment can result in more loyalty, increase teamwork and reduced labour turnover, along with a greater sense of employee self-worth, dignity, psychological involvement and feeling of being integral to the organization. Competence: Relates to the extent that HRM polices attract, retain, motivate and develop employees with the abilities, skills, knowledge and competencies to achieve the organizations strategic objectives. Congruence: concern with HRM polices generate or sustain congruence between management and employees, different employee groups, the organization and the community, employees and their families, and within the individual. In other words, HRM strategies and policies promote the achievement of employee goals, at the same time, satisfy the organizations strategies business objectives. Lack of congruence can be costly to the organization in terms of time, money and energy, resulting low levels of trust and lack of common purpose and stress or other psychological problems will happen (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills and Walton, 1984) Cost-effectiveness: the HRM strategies and polices can reduce personnel-related costs, help correctly size the organization, eliminate unnecessary work, reduce compensation and benefit costs, reduce labour turnover and absenteeism, improve employee health and safety, improve employee productivity and avoid costs from litigation and negative public relations. Job satisfaction: HRM strategies and polices can produce employees have positive attitudes and feelings about their jobs. Common employee satisfaction components include pay, promotion opportunities, fringe benefits, supervision, colleagues, job conditions, the nature of the work, communication and job security (Spector, 2000). Rose (2002) suggested that employees frustrated and bored with repetitive and standardized work have low commitment. A satisfied employee tends to be absent less often, make positive contributions, stay with the organization and radiate positive feelings towards customers (McShane and Von Glinow, 2000). Justice: HR strategies, polices and practices are powerful communicators regarding managements trustworthiness, fairness and commitment to employees. If management is perceived favourably, employees reciprocate with increased commitment to the organization (Whitener, 2001). Motivation: HRM strategies and policies stimulate employees to achieve a designated goal. Highly motivated employees work hard, come to work early and contribute more to the organizations strategic objectives. Performance: HRM contribute to employee job performance and productivity and the organizations overall profitability, growth and success. Trust: HRM promote trust between employees, management and the organization. Under trust, employees are willing to share information, genuinely cooperate with one another and not take advantage of other. Stone, R (2005) Human Resource Mangement, 5th ed, John Wiley Sons, Australia. Beer, M, Spector, B, Lawrence, P. R, Mills, D.Q, and Walton, R. E, (1984), Managing Human Assets, The Free Press, New York, p.19. Rose, E, The labour process and union commitment within a banking services call center, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.44, no.1, 2002, p.40. McShane, S. L. and Von Glinow, M. A, (2000), Organization Behavior, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Whitener, E. M., Do high commitment human resource practices affect employee commitment A cross level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling, Journal of Management, vol. 27, no. 5, 2001, p.515. 2.3.1 Employee Job Satisfaction As mention before, one of the outcomes of HRM is job satisfaction. However, what causes employee satisfaction? The researchers Judge and Bono (2001) found that one of the primary causes is the perception of the job itself. And also job itself is the most important situational effect on job satisfaction. Other research also show that of all the major job satisfaction areas, satisfaction with the nature of the work itself which includes job challenge, autonomy, variety and scope are best predicts overall job satisfaction (Fried and Ferris, 1987; Parisi and Weiner, 1999; Weiner, 2000). Some general statements about the facets that seem to contribute the most to feelings of job satisfaction for most North American workers include mentally challenging work, high pay, promotions and friendly or helpful colleagues (Locke, 1976). For more detail, Spector (1997) concluded that the causes of job satisfaction can be classified into two major categories. First, the job environment itself and fac tors associated with the job are important influences on job satisfaction. This includes how people are treated, the nature of job tasks, relations with other people in the workplace, and rewards. Second, there are individual factors that the person brings to the job. This includes both personality and prior experiences. Both categories work together to influence employee job satisfaction. In this study, we mainly focus on the environment antecedents of job satisfaction. Following factors are the environmental causes of job satisfaction: Job Characteristics and Job Characteristics Theory Many studies have advocated job design as a means of enhancing job satisfaction by making jobs more interesting (Herzberg, 1968; Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1959). The job characteristic theory is that people can be motived by the intrinsic satisfaction they find in doing tasks. When they find their work to be enjoyable and meaningful, people will like their jobs and will be motivated to perform their jobs well (Hackman and Oldhams, 1976). The characteristics model see figure 2-2. Figure 2-2 Hackman and Oldhams (1976) Job Characteristics Model Core Characteristics Critical Outcomes Psychological States Skill Variety Task Identity Task Significance Experienced Meaningfulness Autonomy Experienced Responsibility Feedback Knowledge of Results Work Motivation Job Performance Job Satisfaction Attendance Growth Need Strength Source: Hackman and Oldhams, 1976 Organizational Constrains Conditions of the job environment that interfere with employee job performance are called organizational constraints. The constraints come from many aspects of the job, including other people and the physical work environment. As the study of Peters and OConnor (1980), organizational constraints have been shown to relate to job satisfaction. Significant relations have been found between various measures of constraints and job satisfaction (Jex and Gudanowski, 1992; Keenan and Newton, 1984; OConor et al., 1984; Spector et al., 1988). OConnor, Peters, Rudolf and Pooyan (1982) reported correlations of organizational constraints with five job satisfaction facets which are coworker, pay, promotion, supervision and work itself. Work-Family Conflict Work-family conflict has been found to correlate significant with job satisfaction. Employees who experience high levels of conflict tend to report low levels of job satisfaction (Bedeian, Burke and Moffett, 1988; Holahan and Gilbert, 1979; Lewis and Cooper, 1987; Rice, Frone and McFarlin, 1992). Organizations can adopt policies that either help people cope with or reduce work-family conflict. Thomas and Ganster (1995) studied the impact of organization policies and supervisor behavior on employee experience of work-family conflict and job satisfaction. Their research provides evidence that organizational policies such as child care and flexible work schedules can reduce work-family conflict and enhance job satisfaction. Behavior by supervisors that supports employees with family responsibilities was also found to have positive effects. Pay The correlation between level of pay and job satisfaction tends to be surprisingly small. Spector (1985) found a mean correlation between level of pay and job satisfaction. However, although pay level is not an important issue, pay fairness can be very important. Rice, Phillips and McFarlin (1990) reported a moderately large correlation between pay level and job satisfaction in a sample of mental health professionals who all had the same job. Workload Workload has been found correlated with job dissatisfaction as well as other job strains (Jex and Beehr, 1991). Jamal (1990) found significant negative correlations of workload with job satisfaction, and Karasek, Gardell and Lindell (1987) found that workload was negatively associated with job satisfaction. Control Control has been found to correlate significantly with all three categories of job strains (Jex and Beehr, 1991). Spector (1986) showed the mean correlations across studies of relations between control and job satisfaction. Spector, P.E. (2000) Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed, John Wiley Sons, New York, p.19. Poulin, J. E., and Walter, C. A. (1992) Retention Plans and Job Satisfaction of Gerontological Social Workers, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 19, pp. 99-114. Porter, L. W. (1962), Job attitudes in management: I. Perceived deficiencies in need fulfillment as a function of job level. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46, 375-384. Wolf, M. G. (1970), Need gratification theory: A theoretical reformulation of job satisfaction/dissatisfaction and job motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 87-94. 2.3.2 The Consequences of Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction There are many positive or negative outcomes that relate to job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. These include not only work variables such as job performance and turnover but also non-work variables such as health and life satisfaction. Job Performance In fact, a large body of research shows that the relationship between satisfaction and performance is positive but usually very low and often inconsistent (Iaffaldano and Muchinsky, 1985). Why is this correlation between job attitudes and job behavior so low? Intuition suggests that we might work harder to pay back the organization for a satisfying job. However, intuition also suggests that we might be so busy enjoying our satisfying job that we have little time to be productive. For example, satisfying coworkers and a pleasant superior might lead us to devote more time to social interactions than to work. These contradictory intuitions provoke suspicion that the satisfaction causes performance might be incorrect. Iaffaldano, M.T. and Muchinsky, P.M. (1985), Jo satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 251-273. Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is behavior by an employee intended to help coworkers or the organization that contributes to organizational effectiveness (Organ, 1988; Schnake, 1991). Schnake (1991) hypothesized that OCB is caused by good treatment from the supervisor and by job satisfaction. In fact, job satisfaction and OCB have been found to intercorrelate (Becker and Billings, 1993; Farh, Podsakoff and Organ, 1990) Withdrawal Behavior Many theories hypothesize that people who dislike their jobs will avoid them, either permanently by quitting or temporarily by being absent or coming in late. Absence is a phenomenon that can reduce organizational effectiveness and efficiency by increasing labour costs. On many jobs, floaters or substitutes are required for each absent employee. The employee might continue to get paid, resulting in increased costs to pay substitutes. Where absence rates among employees is high, the costs can be quite high. Not surprisingly, organizations are concerned about absence. Theories of absence hypothesize that job satisfaction plays a critical role in an employees decision to be absent (Steers and Rhodes, 1987). People who dislike their jobs should be expected to avoid coming to work. On the other hand, most theories of turnover view turnover as the result of employee job dissatisfaction (Bluedorn, 1982; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand and Meglino, 1979). People who dislike their jobs will try to fin d alternative employment. Studies have been consistently in showing a correlation between job satisfaction and turnover (Crampton and Wagner, 1994; Hulin, Roznowski and Hachiya, 1985). Furthermore, it seems certain that this correlation is causal job dissatisfaction leads to turnover. Models of turnover place job satisfaction in the center of a complex process that involves factors both inside and outside of the employing organization. Figure 2-2 is a simplified model that shows how this process might work. Characteristics of the individual combine with characteristics of the job environment in determining level of job satisfaction. If the job satisfaction level is sufficiently low, the person will develop a behavioral intention to quit the job. That intention may lead to job search activities, which if successful will lead to turnover. Alternate employment opportunities are important because a person is not likely to quit without another job offer. Figure 2-2 Model of Employee Turnover as a Function of Job Satisfaction and Unemployment Rate Organization Factors Person Factors Job Satisfaction Intent to quit Search Behavior Turnover Availability of Alternatives Source: Spector, 1997 Burnout Burnout is a distressed emotional/psychological state experienced on the job. Where job satisfaction is an attitudinal response, burnout is more of an emotional response to the job. Burnout theory proposes that a person who is in a state of burnout experiences symptoms of emotional exhaustion and low work motivation, not unlike depression. Burnout correlates significantly with job satisfaction in that dissatisfied employees are likely to report high levels of burnout (Bacharach, Bamberger and Conley, 1991; Shirom, 1989). Physical Health and Psychological Well-Being Concerns have been raised that both physical and psychological health might be influenced by job attitudes. Individuals who dislike their jobs could experience adverse health outcomes. These outcomes include both physical symptoms and psychological problems (Spector, 1997). It has also been suggested that job dissatisfaction results in a shortened lifespan (Palmore, 1969). Many studies have been shown a link between health and job satisfaction. For example, researchers have reported significant correlations between job satisfaction and physical or psychosomatic symptoms, such as headache and upset stomach (Begley and Czajka, 1993; Fox, Dwyer and Ganster, 1993; Lee, Ashford and Bobko, 1990; O Driscoll and Beehr, 1994). Job dissatisfaction has also been found to be associated with emotional stated of anxiety (Jex and Gudanowski, 1992; Spector et al., 1988) and depression (Bluen, Barling and Burns, 1990; Schauboeck et al., 1992). Counterproductive Behavior Counterproductive behavior includes aggression against coworkers, aggression against the employer, sabotage and left (Spector, 1997). These behaviors have many causes, but often, they are associated with dissatisfaction and frustration at work. Chen and Spector (1992) found that job satisfaction correlated significantly with employee reports of engaging in aggression against others, hostility toward others, sabotage, and theft at work. Keenan and Newton (1984) found a relation between experiencing feelings of hostility at work and job satisfaction as well. Dissatisfied employees are more likely than their satisfied counterparts to engage in all of these behaviors. Life Satisfaction The research suggests that feelings in one area of life affect feelings in other areas. A person who is satisfied on the job is likely to be satisfied with life in general (Weaver, 1987). Studies consistently find that job satisfaction and life satisfaction are moderately and positively correlated (Judge and Watanabe, 1993; Lance, Lautenschlager, Sloan and Varca, 1989; Schaubroeck et al., 1992; Weaver, 1987). 2.4 Employee Satisfaction and Organizational Performance Organizational performance is a multidimensional concept. As illustrated by the list of thirty criterion measures identified by Cambell (1997). Performance is measured in terms of output (inappropriately referred to as productivity in the table) and outcome, profit, internal process and procedures, organizational structures, employee attitudes, organizational responsiveness to the environment and so on. More recently, one approach to measure organizational performance has become popular. This approach attempts to capture some of the contradictory nature of organizational performance is termed the balanced scorecard (Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1993, 1996). This aims to measure performance in terms of four sets of indicators, each taking a different perspective (Kaplan and Norton 1996:76): Financial: to succeed financially, how should we appear to our shareholders? Customer: to achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customers? Internal business process: to satisfy our shareholders and customers, what business processes must we excel at? Learning and growth: to achieve our vision, how will we sustain our ability to change and improve? Therefore, about the relationship between employee satisfaction and organizational performance, the service-profit chain concept supported that there are direct relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, and employee satisfaction, loyalty, and productivity (Heskett et al. 1994). Moreover, a study conducted by a national retailer found that a happy employee will stick with the company, give better service to the customer and recommend company products to others (Wall Street Journal July 22, 1998). Other study of the 100 Best Companies to Work For finds that the companies with the most satisfied employees had an above-average annual return to shareholders (Fortune December 1, 1998). A Gallup study finds positive correlation between employee satisfaction and financial performance (Economist August 8, 1998). What is more, there are many studies about different industries also approved that the employee satisfaction correlated with organizational performance. Such as Kaplan an d Norton (1996) has found significant correlation between employee morale and customer satisfaction in an oil company. A survey of hospital employees finds significant correlations between nursing-staff satisfaction scores and patient loyalty (Atkins, Marshall and Javalgi 1996). Another correlational study using data collected for 298 public schools finds support for the link between satisfaction levels of teachers and school performance (Ostroff 1992). Thus, according to the previous literature, employs satisfaction is correlated to customer loyalty, financial performance, which in turn, affects the organizational performance.

The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Poll

The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Pollan, was a great read. I came into the adventure without much background regarding what kind of book it was going to be, and to my astonishment it was more of an educational journey than pages of force-fed beliefs. Michael Pollan has a writing style that is both loose and intriguing and really kept my attention throughout. Having already read extensively concerning human nutrition and food, I am usually skeptical when beginning such reads as this one, but I was very surprised that Mr. Pollan was very objective, in that this was seemingly a field trip and journey from environment to plate. I will begin this report with a summary of this great book and delve deeper into the thoughts that the literary family has of it. I will then go on to explain its importance in the development of environmental policy and impact, and end with my thoughts regarding the material and the interaction among social and environmental values and impacts presented by the author Michael Pollan. Summary The book begins with the question of â€Å"What should we have for dinner?† and stands to answer that question the rest of the way. Speaking directly of Americans, Pollan explains in-depth how the Nation tends to jump from fad to fad, first being afraid of carbohydrates, and then switching to fats, and so on. He goes on to explain where this thought process might have come from with the history of the Carter administration in 1977, as dietary goals were issued and the red meat lovers of America were warned to cut back. From that time on it has been an ever-changing lipo-, carbo-, phobia, with a cycle of weight loss and gain. With this question at hand, Michael Pollan begins to dive de... ...ormative history as he travels from the cornfields of Iowa, to the feedlot, to the forest floor in search of chanterelles, and then coming full circle to the dinner table. The information given is not always pleasant, but it is necessary for an informed eater in America to be aware of. The effects of knowing can cause us to be more responsible in what we are purchasing at the grocery store (and essentially voting for). He shows that making the correct decision to the question â€Å"What should we have for dinner?† can also be the choice that tastes the best and is the best for you. Works Cited Kamp, D. (2006). â€Å"Deconstructing Dinner.† New York Times: Sunday Book Review. 26 April 2006.http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Pollan, M. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York. Random. 2006. Print

Factors That Affect the Rate of Reaction of Peroxidase

Factors that Affect the Rate of Reaction of Peroxidase Purpose: To determine the effect of various factors on the rate of reaction between an enzyme and its substrate, and also to determine the optimal ranges under which the enzyme activity is maximized. Also to determine whether saline and alcohol are inhibitors or activators Hypothesis: PH factor prediction: I predict that as the pH increases so the activity of the enzyme will increase until it reaches optimum pH range (pH 7) because the enzyme is less denatured when it reaches the preferred pH level, and after this it will decrease because the active site will change in shape and it will no longer accept substrates. Temperature factor prediction: I predict as the temperature increases, the enzyme activities will increase because there is more energy to speed up the reaction until it reaches the optimum temperature range (room temperature which is about 20  °C), and after that the enzyme activities will decrease because of denature of the enzymes (cause changes to active site that will no longer fit substrate) Concentration of enzymes prediction: I predict that as the concentration of enzyme increases, so the enzyme activities will increase because there is more enzyme to react with the substrates however when enzymes get saturated, the reaction will come to a plateau because eventually all the substrates will have enzymes to react with, and any extra will have no effect on the reaction whatsoever. I predict alcohol is an inhibitor of Peroxidase because alcohol when alcohol bind to the allosteric site it changes the active site shape of the enzymes thus deactivating enzymatic activities I predict salt is an activator of Peroxidase because salt contains Na ions which attaches to the allosteric site changing the shape of the enzyme to fit a substrate. Materials: †¢ Peroxidase (enzyme in potato) †¢ Hydrogen peroxide, 3% †¢ A strong acid, pH3 (lemon juice, or HCL) 0. 5 †¢ A strong base, pH 10 (drain cleaner, NaOH) 0. 5 mol/L †¢ A weak acid, pH 6 (vinegar, acetic acid( CH3COOH)) 0. 5 mol/L †¢ A weak base, pH 8 (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)) 0. 5 mol/L a †¢ A saline solution, pH 7 (table salt, NaCl) 0. mol/L †¢ Alcohol, pH 7 (rubbing or spirits (isopropyl or ethanol)) 1 mol/L †¢ Distilled water, pH 7 †¢ Hot plate, stove, or kettle (hot water bath) †¢ Cold water (ice water bath) †¢ Eye dropper or oral, needle-less syringe 10 cc (10 mL) †¢ Graduated cylinder or needle-less syringe 10 cc( 10 mL) †¢ Disposable plastic plates †¢ Disposable plastic cups †¢ Thermometer †¢ Timing devi ce (with second hand) †¢ ice Safety Precautions Being sure to wash hands before and after handling materials. Use caution with hot and cold materials. Follow all safety procedures. Procedure: †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of water at room temperature (20  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of cold water at temperature 10  °C for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of temperature on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of cold water at temperature 15  °C for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of temperature on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of hot water at room temperature 25  °C for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of temperature on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of hot water at temperature 30  °C for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of temperature on reaction activity I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of lemon juice 0. 5 mol/L at room temperature (21  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of drain cleaner, NaOH at room temperature (21  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of vinegar, acetic acid 0. mol/L at room temperature (21  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of baking soda 0. 5 mol/L at room temperature (21  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to observe the effect of pH on reaction activity †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of saline solution 0. 5 mol/L at room temperature (21  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to determine if saline is an inhibitor or activator †¢ I placed a piece of raw potato in 10 mL of alcohol solution 1 mol/L at room temperature (21  °C) for three minutes. Put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on it (after dabbing dry with paper towel) to determine if alcohol is an inhibitor or activator †¢ I put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on large pieces of potato to observe the effect of concentration (large pieces have smaller surface area which have less enzymes) I put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on medium pieces of potato to observe the effect of concentration (large pieces have smaller surface area which have less enzymes) †¢ I put three drops of hydrogen peroxide (3 %) on small pieces of potato to observe the effect of concentration (smaller pieces have larger surface area which have more enzymes, the more the enzymes the greater the reaction activi ty) Analysis: Inquiry skills (scientific Method): The dependant variable is time The independent variable is Peroxidase enzyme The controlled variables are PH, temperature, and concentration The reason to create this datum is so that we could make a comparison. Without creating this action, it would be hard to see the effect of enzymes on the decomposition of peroxide. It’s to create this reference point to see how it decomposes before any enzymatic reaction and after. Inquiry skills (data management): [pic] Figure 1: Qualitative observation scale of Peroxidase-catalyzed peroxide decomposition Temperature factor (10  °C): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action) -(extent of bubbling) | |10 |0 | |20 |1 | |30 |1 | |40 |2 | |50 |1 | |60 |1 | |Average: |1 | Temperature factor (15  °C): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |1 | |20 |1 | |30 |2 | |40 |2 | |50 |2 | |60 |2 | |Average |2 | Temperature factor (20  °C): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |2 | |20 |2 | |30 |3 | |40 |3 | |50 |3 | |60 |2 | |Average |3 | Temperature factor (25  °C): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |3 | |20 |3 | |30 |4 | |40 |4 | |50 |2 | |60 |2 | |Average |3 | Temperature factor (30  °C): Quantitative Datum (action) – (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |3 | |20 |2 | |30 |2 | |40 |2 | |50 |1 | |60 |0 | |Average |2 | pH factor (pH 3): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |0 | |20 |1 | |30 |1 | |40 |1 | |50 |1 | |60 |2 | |Average |1 | pH factor (pH 6): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |1 | |20 |2 | |30 |2 | |40 |3 | |50 |4 | |60 |4 | |Average |3 | pH factor (pH 7): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (ext ent of bubbling) | |10 |2 | |20 |3 | |30 |3 | |40 |3 | |50 |4 | |60 |4 | |Average |3 | pH factor (pH 8): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |3 | |20 |2 | |30 |2 | |40 |2 | |50 |2 | |60 |1 | |Average |2 | pH factor (pH 10): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |2 | |20 |1 | |30 |1 | |40 |1 | |50 |0 | |60 |0 | |Average |1 | Concentration factor (large pieces): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |0 | |20 |1 | |30 |1 | |40 |1 | |50 |2 | |60 |2 | |Average |1 | Concentration factor (medium pieces): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |4 | |20 |4 | |30 |3 | |40 |3 | |50 |3 | |60 |2 | |Average |3 | Concentration factor (small pieces): Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |4 | |20 |4 | |30 |3 | |40 |3 | |50 |3 | |60 |3 | |Average |3 | Saline inhibitor/activator factor: Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |4 | |20 |4 | |30 |3 | |40 |3 | |50 |3 | |60 |2 | |Average |3 | Alcohol inhibitor/activator factor: Quantitative Datum (action)- (time in seconds) |Qualitative Datum (action)- (extent of bubbling) | |10 |1 | |20 |1 | |30 |1 | |40 |1 | |50 |0 | |60 |0 | |Average |1 | Knowledge and understanding (Data Analysis): The optimal range of temperature and pH of Peroxidase is about 20 °C to 25 ° C at a pH of 6. 0 to 7. 0 It seems to be that Peroxidase has a different temperature range than Catalase however both have similar pH range. Knowledge and Understanding (Concept Analysis): Enzymes are made of protein, depending on the structure of the amino acid, and the hydrogen and ionic bonds is what makes the difference between the two enzymes (Catalase and Peroxidase). It seems to be that Catalase has stronger hydrogen and ionic bonds than Peroxidase and that’s why it can withstand more temperature before it’s denatured. Conclusion: My experiment results agrees with my hypothesis. According to the data tables I have created, you notice that the enzymatic reaction (amount of bubbles) first increases starting from 15 °C then it starts to go down when it reaches over 25 °C (this matches with my first prediction on the effect of temperature on Peroxidase) Starting from pH 3 to pH 7, the reaction increases then it decreases after pH 7 (this matches with second prediction) Starting from low concentration, we get less reaction then it increases gradually (this matches with my third prediction)

History of Life Through Time Essay

1. The website shows the basic phylogeny of the three main lineages of life forms. They are â€Å"Archaea,† â€Å"Eubacteria,† and â€Å"Eukaryotes. † It also shows â€Å"Viruses† outside of the tree, with a question mark indicating that its place in the tree is undetermined, if it belongs in the tree at all. 2. This site attempts to show the two alternative phylogenies of the major lineages of life forms. The â€Å"archaea tree† distinguishes two variations of archaea, and shows that archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to eubacteria. In the â€Å"eocyte tree,† archaea are not specified at all, but eukaryotes are shown as most closely related to crenarchaeota-eocytes, which was a derivation of archaea in the previous tree. 3. Viruses are not listed in these two phylogenies because they are not proven to be actual life forms. Where archaea, eubacteria and eukaryotes are classified as â€Å"life forms† due to their ability to transfer genes, viruses have not been determined to be living. They are therefore not included on these two phylogenetic trees. At the other website, , a detailed phylogeny of the Eukaryotes is provided. From this it is evident that Fungi are more closely related to Animalia than to Plantae. 5. Both sites show that the major life classifications are â€Å"Bacteria,† â€Å"Eukaryotes,† and â€Å"Archaea. † The â€Å"Tree of Life† site shows the alternatives to how closely the lineages are related, giving two examples of how the three domains may be nested within each other instead of being derived equally. The University of California site breaks down the systematics of each domain separately and more specifically, leaving the three domains as separate entities entirely. Works Cited History of Life Through Time. 2009. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 3 June 2009 . Tree of Life Web Project. 1997. Life on Earth. Version 01 January 1997 (temporary). 3 June 2009 in The Tree of Life Web Project, .

The Benefits of a Standing Desk and Risks of Sitting

The Benefits of a Standing Desk and Risks of Sitting Standing desks offer many benefits for your health and ergonomics. Break free from the chains of sitting at a desk and stand up for yourself and your health. Health Benefits of a Standing Desk The first major benefit of using a standing desk is avoiding all of the negatives that make sitting at a desk bad for you! Sitting for long periods of time causes metabolic issues–you dont produce chemicals necessary for processing sugars and fats, and your circulation suffers. Your skeleton and muscles form a reactive frame for your body which wants to move and respond to outside forces. Additionally, your muscles need to regularly flex to support healthy functions and chemical production. Standing allows your body to adjust and move easily, flexing your muscles continuously. It also keeps your blood circulating well. Movement regulates your blood sugar and keeps your blood pressure lower. And this lets you live longer! Risks of Sitting Sitting increases your chances of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and blood clots or thrombosis. Studies have shown some dramatic effects of sitting for long periods of time. Those who sit a lot are 54 percent more likely to have a heart attack. Men who sit more than six hours a day have a 20 percent higher mortality rate; women have a 40 percent higher mortality rate. If you sit for more than 23 hours a week, you are 64 percent more likely to die from heart disease. In addition, studies have also shown that regular exercise does not counteract the effects of prolonged sitting. The only way to reduce or eliminate the negative impact of prolonged sitting is to not do it. Working at a standing desk will accomplish that for most people. Another benefit of a standing desk is that you burn more calories throughout the day. That will help with weight loss or maintain a healthy weight. Standing while working will burn one-third more calories than sitting will, which could account for an additional 500 calories burned in a day. Standing Can Reduce Pain There is anecdotal and scientific evidence to show that standing while working will alleviate back pain and other repetitive stress injuries. The problem usually comes from not using your back enough. When you sit, you dont hold your upper body with your muscles; rather, you let the chair hold you. This leads significant compression within the chest and abdominal cavities, slouching of the shoulders and rolling of the spine. These are classic causes of repetitive stress injuries and back pain. Working at a standing desk will keep your core and back muscles engaged throughout the day and improve your posture. Mental Benefits of Standing Another benefit of a standing desk is an increase in your focus, alertness, and activity level. When standing, it is easier to release restless energy. Combine that with the good circulation, stable blood sugar, and an active metabolism, and it is easier to focus on the task at hand. Standing while working will burn one-third more calories. Many authors and statesmen throughout the centuries who swear by working at a standing desk have claimed that it helps get the creative juices flowing. It also fights fatigue and improves lethargy. While this may sound like a contradiction, it is not. Standing while working helps fight off the naturally occurring slumps and bouts of fatigue that often happen mid-morning or early afternoon. Those are often related to metabolic drops after meals are processed by the body. Keeping your blood sugar level helps avoid those. Staying active and releasing restless energy also promotes a satisfying tiredness when it is time to sleep. Your mind isnt racing and your body is ready to rest.

Free Essays on My Favorite Teacher

There are some teachers, who hardly ever make an impact on, or touch someone’s life for the better. Some just go through life teaching. But there are some that change a person’s life, for the better. He was the kind of person that everyone loved. He never asked too much, or expected too much. As I look back on my days at Warren High School, I remember what an impact this man had on my life. This man was my chemistry I and II teacher, Mr. Wilson. Computer information systems, was what I originally had planned for my future. Chemistry never even interested me. My sophomore year I decided to take IB Chemistry 1. The teacher I had was Mr. Wilson. As I entered that classroom, I thought about what I would learn, but nothing could have prepared me for the decisions I would come upon and make within one year. Throughout the year, Mr. Wilson made class interesting. There was never a dull moment in his classroom. Whether it was making jokes about different issues, making fun of the jocks for being 5-5 for two years in a row or just being there when someone did not understand something that was taught that day. He stayed after school, religiously, every day for one hour, just so kids could ask him for help. There was never one time when he left a minute early, or did not stay at all. More and more chemistry began to interest me. I could not figure out why I had just discovered the world of chemistry. Then it hit me. Had it not been for Mr. Wilson, I would have never thought about a career in chemistry. Had it not been for this man, I would have been lost and confused as to what my future in computer information systems would be like. He changed me in the sense that I had discovered a part of myself that I never knew existed. For that I am eternally grateful.... Free Essays on My Favorite Teacher Free Essays on My Favorite Teacher There are some teachers, who hardly ever make an impact on, or touch someone’s life for the better. Some just go through life teaching. But there are some that change a person’s life, for the better. He was the kind of person that everyone loved. He never asked too much, or expected too much. As I look back on my days at Warren High School, I remember what an impact this man had on my life. This man was my chemistry I and II teacher, Mr. Wilson. Computer information systems, was what I originally had planned for my future. Chemistry never even interested me. My sophomore year I decided to take IB Chemistry 1. The teacher I had was Mr. Wilson. As I entered that classroom, I thought about what I would learn, but nothing could have prepared me for the decisions I would come upon and make within one year. Throughout the year, Mr. Wilson made class interesting. There was never a dull moment in his classroom. Whether it was making jokes about different issues, making fun of the jocks for being 5-5 for two years in a row or just being there when someone did not understand something that was taught that day. He stayed after school, religiously, every day for one hour, just so kids could ask him for help. There was never one time when he left a minute early, or did not stay at all. More and more chemistry began to interest me. I could not figure out why I had just discovered the world of chemistry. Then it hit me. Had it not been for Mr. Wilson, I would have never thought about a career in chemistry. Had it not been for this man, I would have been lost and confused as to what my future in computer information systems would be like. He changed me in the sense that I had discovered a part of myself that I never knew existed. For that I am eternally grateful....

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges INTRODUCTION: Calibrationis the set of operations that establish the relationship between the values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument and the corresponding values realized by standards. The result of a calibration allows for the determination of corrections to be made with regards to the indicated values. It may also help in determining other metrological properties such as the effect of influence quantities. The results of a calibration are usually documented and referred to as calibration certificate or a calibration report. Necessary adjustments are made to the instrument after calibration so that it always indicates readings corresponding to given values of the quantity measured. When the instrument is made to give a null indication corresponding to a null value of the quantity to be measured, the set of operation is called zero adjustment . The Calibration Process The first thing to consider in calibrating an instrument is its design. In order to be able to cal ibrate an instrument, the design of the instrument has to be capable of measurements that are â€Å"withinengineering tolerance† when used within certain conditions and over a reasonable period of time. The criteria used for assigning tolerance values vary according to regions and according to type of industry. Manufacturers of instruments assign a general measurement tolerance and suggest the calibration interval as well as the optimum environment for use and storage of the instrument. The user of the instrument on the other hand assigns the actual calibration interval, on the instrument’s likely usage level. For example, if a manufacturer states that an instrument needs to be calibrated after usage for 8-12 hours of use 5 days per week is six months, that same instrument in 24/7 usage would generally get a shorter interval. The assignment of calibration intervals can be a formal process based on the results of previous calibrations. Calibration process versus cost G enerally, the process of calibrating an instrument is a difficult and expensive one. As a rule of thumb, the cost for ordinary equipment support is generally about 10% of the purchasing cost of the instrument on a yearly basis. Exotic devices such asscanning electron microscopes,gas chromatographsystems andlaserinterferometerdevices can be even more expensive to calibrate. When the instruments being calibrated are integrated with computers, the integrated computer programs and any calibration corrections are also under control. The calibration paradox Successful calibration has to be consistent and systematic. At the same time, the complexity of some instruments requires that only key functions be identified and calibrated. Under those conditions, a degree of randomness is needed to find unexpected deficiencies. Even the most routine calibration requires a willingness to investigate any unexpected observation. Theoretically, anyone who can read and follow the directions of a calibra tion procedure can perform the work. It is recognizing and dealing with the exceptions that is the most challenging aspect of the work. This is where experience and judgement are called for and where most of the resources are consumed. THEORY Principles of Operation Of Dead Weight Testers Pressure is defined as force per unit area i.e.

Developing Winning Competitive Strategies Essay

Developing Winning Competitive Strategies - Essay Example The digital camera users have appreciated our company's products and for this case, they have developed as a substantial worldwide market share. Our company emphasis on the market share in all continents although we failed to achieve a substantial market share in the United States and Asia since the amount of profit per share we were making was at minimal. We had a notion that the price of our products would assist as gain a substantial market share and for this case, we overlooked investing in the marketing department even though we had invested heavily on in the market share. Our main marketing strategy was our image rating as we believed that this would eventually as it expressed the quality of our product since it attracted more customers to purchase our products. Our sales increased gradually since our customers believed that our quality of the products was high as the quality of the product goes with the image rating as it was our case. ... Another strength that has assisted our company gains a substantial market share is advertising. People have to be made aware of a product for them to be purchased and it does not if the quality of a product is high, if people do not know of its existence, then a low quality may have a large market share since people of its existence. Our company invested heavily in the advertisement as they always exceeded their advertisement budget of $300 to the actual spending of $537 in advertising. Another strength that assisted our company to succeed against its competitors is the market share. We started from the beginning to market our products in all the continents in the world in order to increase our sales revenue. This strength really helped us since we increased our sales and eventually our profits went up as our products were made known throughout the world.

Movies and Movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movies and Movements - Essay Example Human history is full of moments when collective effort was needed to address public concerns. And the history of films is full of examples when the medium was used to rally collective effort. Such movies never failed to get the attention of people and stir them to action. The ability of movies to influence mass audiences has been made use of for a long time. Since the 30s and the 40s movies were used to glorify western culture, to strengthen religion and faith, to celebrate freedom, to decry communism and collectivism and to extol individual achievement and the American Dream. For many Americans the 1930s was a period of contradiction. What started out as the land of dreams was slowly playing out as a land of nightmares. Democracy, capitalism, individualism and the optimism that was based on them were all proving to be myths. Milk, honey and the good life were all mere dreams; reality was a dire struggle for survival. You simply had to see it to believe that such suffering could have existed in America. (Sutton) In the decades that preceded the 1930s settlers from the North and East flocked to the southern plains lured by the promise of an abundance of fertile soil and a happy life. The first few years looked as if they were on the way to achieving their dream. And then came a period of extended drought, which arguably is the worst drought of America. It was a double whammy of sorts. ... Desperate, many of them had to pack up and leave with their families, in search of work, to provide for their families. "The Dust Bowl was the result of a series of dust storms in the central United States and Canada from 1931 to 1939, caused by decades of inappropriate farming techniques" (Dust Bowl) Although there was both government and private effort to help ease the situation, farming communities were not able to tide things over. "Private charities like the Red Cross also helped, but in general the level of assistance available prior to 1933 was minimal (Gregory 14)". People relocated. Often this relocation was as much a nightmare as their life in the dust bowl. But ultimately true grit and hope in the face of adversity were the qualities helped farmers to weather this period. This is the message that films like "The Grapes of Wrath" carried to the suffering masses. 3 The Grapes of Wrath The film explicitly depicts the socio-economic impact of the Great Depression, and the drought of the 1930s on the thousands of displaced farmers from Oklahoma, Colorado, the Texas Panhandle and Western Kansas farmers in general and one family in particular - the Joads. The opening scene is set in Oklahoma. It shows a figure walking in the distance. The figure is Tom Joad on his way back to his family's sharecropping farm. Tom hitches a ride part of the way and then he encounters Jim Casey on the road sitting under a willow tree. Casey is an ex-preacher and together they head towards Tom's farm. When they reach the decrepit Joad cabin they find nobody there. A few moments later a figure emerges from the shadow. He is Muley Graves one of Tom's neighbors. Muley Graves is an instance of an individual who is so shattered at having lost his land that he is literally

Human Trafficking in the United States Research Paper

Human Trafficking in the United States - Research Paper Example While these impoverished people from South and Central America get into the United States in order to improve their economic wellbeing, evidence suggests that they barely get past acute poverty and only manage to survive. Despite being the richest nation on earth, a significant portion of its inhabitants lives below the poverty line. A large portion of them recently arrives illegal immigrants, who find disillusionment and further misery on their arrival into the country through illegal channels (Lybecker, 2008). This essay will argue that while human trafficking is not solely responsible for poverty in the United States, it does contribute to the growing pool of poor people and is a manifestation of the dark side of the global capitalist economy. Firstly, poverty and homelessness in the United States can be traced back a long way. Even long before political discourse about illegal immigration started, there has been a constant influx of impoverished and oppressed people into the country. As and when immigrants (legal or illegal) arrive into the confines of the country, they start out as homeless people by default. The direct and circumstantial evidence for this is available in literary and performing arts of the last one and half centuries. Prominent among the artists who dealt with this subject are Walt Whitman, Jack London, Charlie Chaplin, Woody Guthrie, John Dos Passos, Bill Mauldin, Jack Kerouac, and John Steinbeck. In the early twentieth century slang, homeless, vagabond immigrants were casually referred to as hoboes, which is a term of denigration. These so-called hoboes had a reputation for being barbaric, wild, lazy and unscrupulous. The first detailed representation of these people living on the fringes of society s tarted appearing after the end of the Civil War.  

Applications of laser technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Applications of laser technology - Essay Example This device has undergone centuries of modifications and up gradations to receive its current state. The term laser is actually an acronym, meaning (L) Light (A) Amplification by (S) Stimulated (E) Emission of (R) Radiation. It is a device which emits light with certain properties that makes it so important for various processes. It stimulates light, which is part of the natural electromagnetic spectrum. The light emitted by a laser device has certain properties which differentiates it from normal light emissions. The light emitted by a laser is monochromatic, that is its wavelength is extremely pure and coherent as well. The light waves emitted by the device are all in a single phase and diverge to a negligible extent. When the beam is focused on a particular point, it exceeds the brightness of the sun thus allowing it to be applicable in several significant procedures. It has taken several procedures and advancements for laser devices to reach their current status. The first actual laser was developed by a well renowned scientist Theodor Maiman who worked at the Hughes Research Laboratory. The first laser he developed was only a level 3 laser developed by a Ruby rod silvered at both ends. However, the working principles had already been derived by Albert Einstein centuries ago with the help of Plank’s laws of radiation. The working principles had been further upgraded by scientists such as Charles H. Townes who had developed a predecessor of Lasers, known as Masers which were developed by Microwaves (Galvana, 2002, p.286). With the development of lasers through time, it has been updated into several hundreds of forms. The various significant types of lasers mainly include diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) lasers, helium neon lasers, air cooled ion lasers, and semi-conductor diode lasers etc. have gained particular significance in recent years of scientific development. The application of these lasers is the biggest aspect to be considered. Medical Applic ations of Lasers Due to further development of science and the adjustment of lasers according to the requirement of the procedure, scientists have put lasers in use of many vital medical processes. Due to its precise, pure and accurate nature surgeries have become even further accurate and authentic. There are several procedures that include lasers as the most vital part of the entire process. The application of laser in medical processes has provided a special breakthrough in the field of optics. LASIK is an extremely important procedure that has been developed for the correction of a person’s cornea in order to cure his eye sight. LASIK stands for Laser in Situ Keratomileusis and has become one of the most renowned processes in modern times. This medical procedure basically consists of three steps. Firstly, the measurement of the cornea is noted which will be extremely important in reshaping the cornea via laser. Then the patient is sedated and his eye lids are held still w ith the help of a scalpel. Then with the help of the laser, which has a high pulse to pulse stability and intensity, the cornea is changed back to its stable shape. Recent advancements have been made which reduces the chance of any error due to eye movement by the reduction of the time required for the procedure (Thyagarajan and Ghatak, 2010, p.471). The use of lasers has also proved extremely vital in case of

Analysis Of The Shakira's Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Of The Shakira's Music - Essay Example Loca is based on the song by artist El Cata â€Å"Loca Con Su Tiguere.† Shakira molds the song in the area of instrumental music beat and some changes in the lyrics. Viewed from any angle Shakira is a trendsetter, she does loads of different things on a major scale and creates a unique fusion of contemporary merengue music, pop lyrics and rap over it and understands the power and charm of the female body and how to exploit it to advantage. She collaborates with Dizzee Rascal to produce this music video. Excellent results of this unique fusion†¦ The effect of merengue music is made telling by Shakira. The word crazy is immortalized for depicting the love between the two lovers. Shakira invites her man with the hypnotic chorus, with British rapper Rascal to deliver a telling rap interlude, admits the love and pays tribute to the girl that he is enraptured. Shakira’s response should melt any lover’s heart when she seductively whispers the ultimate commitment th at can be expected between the lovers, â€Å"Dance or die.† The vibe is catchy and vibrant. Shakira is known for her hip-shaking and moans. The video is a hit on the market, and Shakira is probably not aware, as to what a fine public relations gimmicks she introduces to prove that she is a fine market strategist as well. In a preview of the video shows Shakira roller-skating, riding a motorcycle without the helmet and dance with her hair-flowing, in a big fountain that is surrounded by fans. In the process, she stops the traffic and is likely to face possible fines for breaking the traffic rules and for shooting this part of the video in a public place without the permit. Shakira-the action-packed trend-setter: While engaging a number of extras in a movie, they need to be trained first and then paid. Shakira secures the real-life shots for her album with the above novel approach. In tune with the theme of the song, she dances in a water fountain inviting the attention of the passersby in her own style, the contours of her body must have been irresistible, and some of them join in the adventurous craziness, by jumping into the fountain. The location of the sexy dance is Barcelona’s well-known fountain at Pla de Palau. This provides a unique end-effect to the song as she remains surrounded by her fans, dancing in the open water. Thus, she spends the fun-filled day with the local residents. This is the reason why this video is a low-budget venture. The free-flow of the energy of her fans and the madness of Shakira makes it a unique combination. She is able to catch the spirit of the common music lover. This effort must have set the producers of the big-budget videos thinking. She performs the English version of â€Å"Loca† on 23rd September 2010 with David Letterman. For this version of the video, she is up to her novel antics again. She gets out of her car and performs â€Å"Loca† with two dancers on top of a car. The lyrics read ordi nary but catchy and the results are due to the focus on rhythm. Even without a climax, the song yet retains its popularity. Dominican slang is tough, one does not understand many words, and but it scores the total effect.

Compare Chartres Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral Term Paper

Compare Chartres Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral - Term Paper Example The Cathedral statues of the on the right hand are: The statue of Isaiah a prophet, proclaiming that â€Å"there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a Branch shall grow out of his roots†7. The flowering stem was hold by him and a figure of Jesse is below the Prophet. The statue of Jeremiah signifying Passion is holding a Greek cross and we can see an attentive follower near him. The statue of Simeon holds the Child. John the Baptist is depicted as a very thin man from fasting and we can see the dragon near his feet. St. Peter represents a pope and Elijah is located the wheels of his chariot and there is a follower Elisha holding his mantle8. The date of South Portal establishment is 1224-50 and is devoted to the New Testament. The main concern of the New Testament is a human-like appearance of Jesus Christ. The sculptures of martyrs and the confessors are surrounding the Christ. The Royal Portal or the West Portal dated circa1150 is devoted to Jesus Christ and Mary. The statues decorating this portal are the statues of the royalty and themes from the Old Testament. This feature signifies an essential shift from Romanesque to Gothic: â€Å"the whimsical elongation of the figures reflects the former while the realistic and emotive faces anticipate the latter†9. The statue of Jesus Christ surrounded by the symbols of Four Evangelists depicts the Last Judgment. Both human and divine nature of Jesus Christ is depicted in the sculpture. There is a sculpture of Anne and Joachim, who struggled against infertility before the birth of Mary and this sculpture is often positioned as a potential healer of motherhood and children. The left-hand portal is devoted to the Ascension of Christ10. The right-hand portal is devoted to the themes from the... The intention of this study are Chartres Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral as historical monuments of gothic architecture. The main features of gothic architecture are perfectly seen in these two cathedrals: intricate architectural images, perplexed structures and many other specific features reflect the specific nature of the middle ages and gothic times. The strain glass windows in Chartres Cathedral and in Canterbury Cathedral reflect the main peculiarity of Gothic architecture. Moreover, these two Cathedrals reflect the transition and mixture of Gothic and Romanesque styles in the architecture. There is a complex craft of the windows: â€Å"The rose- window is a consistent feature of the Gothic churches in the France, but not of those in Normandy; and there has been a tendency†. Large rose windows of the Cathedral are also the facts witnessing a Gothic architecture. The interior reflects the Gothic style in architecture as well. There are three parts in Chartres Cathedral interior, such as clerestory, triforium, and arcade. This fact differs from the early Gothic architecture, because in high Gothic style triforium is instead of gallery, and at clerestory, quadripartite rib-vault is instead of sexpartite rib-vault. There are four divisions in the nave of the Chartres Cathedral and the ceiling is higher than sexpartite rib-vault. Consequently, the height of Chartres Cathedral is higher than using sexpartite rib-vault. Therefore, this Cathedral is towering and it is the best evidence of the Gothic style in architecture.

Analysis Of The Shakira's Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Of The Shakira's Music - Essay Example Loca is based on the song by artist El Cata â€Å"Loca Con Su Tiguere.† Shakira molds the song in the area of instrumental music beat and some changes in the lyrics. Viewed from any angle Shakira is a trendsetter, she does loads of different things on a major scale and creates a unique fusion of contemporary merengue music, pop lyrics and rap over it and understands the power and charm of the female body and how to exploit it to advantage. She collaborates with Dizzee Rascal to produce this music video. Excellent results of this unique fusion†¦ The effect of merengue music is made telling by Shakira. The word crazy is immortalized for depicting the love between the two lovers. Shakira invites her man with the hypnotic chorus, with British rapper Rascal to deliver a telling rap interlude, admits the love and pays tribute to the girl that he is enraptured. Shakira’s response should melt any lover’s heart when she seductively whispers the ultimate commitment th at can be expected between the lovers, â€Å"Dance or die.† The vibe is catchy and vibrant. Shakira is known for her hip-shaking and moans. The video is a hit on the market, and Shakira is probably not aware, as to what a fine public relations gimmicks she introduces to prove that she is a fine market strategist as well. In a preview of the video shows Shakira roller-skating, riding a motorcycle without the helmet and dance with her hair-flowing, in a big fountain that is surrounded by fans. In the process, she stops the traffic and is likely to face possible fines for breaking the traffic rules and for shooting this part of the video in a public place without the permit. Shakira-the action-packed trend-setter: While engaging a number of extras in a movie, they need to be trained first and then paid. Shakira secures the real-life shots for her album with the above novel approach. In tune with the theme of the song, she dances in a water fountain inviting the attention of the passersby in her own style, the contours of her body must have been irresistible, and some of them join in the adventurous craziness, by jumping into the fountain. The location of the sexy dance is Barcelona’s well-known fountain at Pla de Palau. This provides a unique end-effect to the song as she remains surrounded by her fans, dancing in the open water. Thus, she spends the fun-filled day with the local residents. This is the reason why this video is a low-budget venture. The free-flow of the energy of her fans and the madness of Shakira makes it a unique combination. She is able to catch the spirit of the common music lover. This effort must have set the producers of the big-budget videos thinking. She performs the English version of â€Å"Loca† on 23rd September 2010 with David Letterman. For this version of the video, she is up to her novel antics again. She gets out of her car and performs â€Å"Loca† with two dancers on top of a car. The lyrics read ordi nary but catchy and the results are due to the focus on rhythm. Even without a climax, the song yet retains its popularity. Dominican slang is tough, one does not understand many words, and but it scores the total effect.

Impacts on Social Media Essay Example for Free

Impacts on Social Media Essay As we begin to discuss social media and is impact on mass communications as a whole, we must first define what it is and how it came to be. The Dynamics of Mass Communications defines social media as a set of Internet tools that encourages content sharing and community relationships. Users are able to create online communities by exchanging, distributing and receiving content information. Social media has rapidly integrated itself into our personal and professional lives over the past decade or so. Information is more available to the public today because of social media. The history of social media started with the BBS (Bulletin Board System) in the late 70’s. Most BBSs were involved in illegal or other shady practices like adult content, virus codes, and instructions on hacking and phone hacking, but BBSs were the first type of sites that allowed users to log on to it and interact with one another. This interaction was a lot slower than what individuals are used to in today’s society. Genie was created by a General Electric subsidiary (GEIS) in 1985 and was an early online service. It was a text-based service, and was considered the first viable commercial competition to CompuServe. This specific service was created to make use of time-sharing mainframes after normal US. business hours. Not too long after, America Online (AOL) started as an online service and made great strides with making the Internet more universally accessible within the United States. In 1988, IRC (Internet Relay Chat) was developed and used for file and link sharing and even keeping in touch with others. Readers could classify it as the father of instant messages as we know it today, though it was limiting access to most people. Touching the topic of early social networks, dating sites are sometimes considered the first social networks. Dating sites began to crop up just as soon as people began to get online with the Internet. These sites allowed users to create profiles with a photo and contact other people. Let’s not forget about Classmates.com, but dating sites and Classmates.com rarely  allowed you to keep a friends list and profiles appeared to be severely limited. The actual social networks like Six Degrees and LiveJournal were a tad bit more advanced than what dating sites had to offer. Six Degrees allowed users to create a basically-static profile while LiveJournal was created in 1999 and was a social network built around blogs that were constantly updated that encouraged other users to follow one another and form groups to interact. It wasn’t soon after that social interaction had found its way to online games. World of Warcraft is one the most famous for allowing players to interact both in the game would and on related forum and community sites. Massively multiplayer online role-playing games became popular in the early 2000’s though there were indeed other role-playing and other games prior to that. Additionally, the early 2000’s brought more advanced social networks and social media to the playing field. Some examples that most people are familiar with would be Friendster (2002), YouTube (2005), MySpace (2006), Facebook (2004), Tumblr (2006), Twitter (2006), and Instagram (2010). All these networks took a toll on millions and billions of people around the globe. People are more connected and up to date because of them. Social Media as a whole has brought a lot of positive effects to the world as we know it today. Social Networks started as a place to connect with your friends in an easy, convenient, and free from charge way. Social networks play an important role with social media. It has allowed individuals to connect with old friends from school, co-workers, and even with complete strangers. It has also provided us with the opportunity to build back a lost relationship or even better relationships with whom that are unable to meet us personally, and involve them with our lives and even take input into their personal lives with specific events that are happening with us. We are now able to communicate our thoughts and perceptions over different topics with a large number of audiences. Our voices are heard louder than ever with the help of social media and social networks. For example, with the Trayvon Martin case, people used social media to conduct marches and protests. On social networks, like Instagram, users blocked out their profile picture to show their involvement for wanting justice for that specific case. We have the option to make groups with people who are like minded and share the  related news with them and ask for their opinion or input about the topic. Far as businesses, they are using social media and social networks to promote their own products and there are a number of customized applications that are being made on social platforms, whose main and only purpose is to promote the product or brand given to them. The negative effects of social media seem to be quite questionable. Studies have shown that the extensive use of social media can quite frankly cause addition to the users. Throughout the day, people tend to feel the need to post something on their pages and check other posts as it has become an important part of everyday life. Extreme usage of social media had resulted in isolation of the individual. The level of human interaction has decreased tremendously and people appear to be less active. Individuals would rather check their smart-phones or tablets than actually picking up a book or a newspaper per say. Interpersonal communication has reduced and there aren’t many face to face communications and meetings being held because many people have lost their full ability to converse while being in the same room. Social Media is also affecting the productivity of people. Users are more distracted. Again, I must state that people are so caught up in texting, blogging, updating a status, and posting any and everything that it to the point where they cannot get specific things done. A prime example would be texting while driving or being on a social network while attempting to write a research paper or even complete homework. According to media bistro, the average person spent three hours and seven minutes online each day in 2012. It appears as online media becomes more popular; other media sources become less popular. People are not reading magazines, newspapers, listening to the radio, or watching television as much as they used to. As the popularity of social networks and online video increases, so does our time online. YouTube has more than one billion users that visit their website each month. Seventy two hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute. The list just goes on and this also goes for Facebook, Twitter, Netflix, Pinterest, Hulu, and Instagram. It seems nowadays that there are social and user-generated sites for just about every activity you can possibly imagine. There are social shopping sites and social financial planning sites. There are even sites to share goals and meet like-minded people. Sites to plan your travels and share them with others. There are so many apps and sites that accommodate the average person for me to say that social media has indeed made life better for people. Social media has become a huge part of millions of lives worldwide. On the other hand, social media has made everyday life harder or horrific for everyday people. Because social media has grown in popularity and mainstream, it can be used by stalkers to track their victims or even find new ones. Social networks make these privacy settings available to users to help prevent stalkers and predators from being able to see their update. In addition to stalkers, we must also consider cyber-bulling. Cyber-bulling has increased over the years and has affected a lot of social network users. These things can make it harder on individuals. One final thing that needs to be discussed is the fact that the people who have degrees to be covering the news face their job being at risk. News stations and news broadcasts are now up with competition against social media and social networks. This is because people use their mobile devices to obtain the news now a days. This is because it is more convenient to access things from your phone than to take time out to turn on the television or go buy a newspaper. This could make everyday life harder for them if they lose their job. Social media has come a long way since the days of BBSs and IRC charts and social media continues to evolve on a daily basis. With major social networks and social media sites making changes and improvements, it’s sure to keep evolving in the coming years. While in many ways social media has allowed us to share everything from the simplest to most sacred events of our lives with more people in real time, it has also taken away from the action of â€Å"living in the moment.† The one thing we can all conclude is that social media is not just a phase, and it most definitely won’t be going away anytime soon or at least until something better comes along. WORS CITED http://www.relevantmagazine.com/life/whole-life/how-social-media-made-me-better-person http://www.digitaltrends.com/features/the-history-of-social-networking/ View as multi-pages

Examples of Unethical Experiments

Examples of Unethical Experiments Section 1 HISTORICAL CASES Nazi Experimentations –Testing the effectiveness of sulfanilamide and other drugs in curbing infections. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for Human dignity Informed Consent Privacy Respect for Vulnerable persons Minimizing harm and maximizing benefit The persons involved in these experiments, were Human beings. Their privacy was invaded by these Nazi doctors. There was coercion – they did not have a say in terms of what was being done to them. Having battlefield wounds being inflicted, was not a voluntary decision by these people. Since the doctors in Nazi Germany were guided by utilitarian moral principles, they did not need to consider informed consent. Experiments were conducted with no considerations for the wellbeing of the subject from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. In these experiments the subjects experienced extreme pain, resulting in permanent injury, mutilation, or death. Respect for these subjects in the eyes of the Nazis was not a priority, as they were seen to be â€Å"Less-Human.† These people were vulnerable to the Nazis, and to whatever was being done to them. Minimizing harm was not a consideration that was taken by the nazi medics. However, even though it was for the Germans be nefit, it was torture for the Jewish and Non-German people. There is no way in which this experiment can be reconstructed to become an ethical process. However, since it was geared towards finding cures for those wounded in battle, what can be a possible suggestion is that, instead of using those innocent people and inflicting battle wounds, the wounded casualties should have been used instead, with consent ofcourse, to find those possible remedies for infections. Another senario, would have been to take blood samples of infected persons, again with consent, and test with appropriate apparatus/equipments to find cures. Tuskegee Syphilis Study- Learning more about syphillis and its treatment, especially for blacks in the U.S. This study had good intentions. However, it shifted from helping persons with the disease to becoming a study about the effects of untreated Syphilis on live patients. At the time, the â€Å"couloureds† had no access to medical care. This study was more or less based on Deception. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for Human Dignity Informed Consent Respect for vulnerable persons minimizing harm and maximizing benefit Independence of research and conflicts of interest or partiality must be explicit. The participants in this study were not informed that they were more or less test subjects, and the doctors were more interested in the results of their autopsies. It is more accurate to say however that they were informed, but rather misinformed, and not notified that the disease they were being treated for was indeed serious and possibly fatal. â€Å"The duration of the experiment was so long that the study violated two laws that were passed since its beginning. The Henderson Act of 1943, which requires the testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and the World Health Organizations (W.H.O.) Declaration of Helsinki of 1964, which requires professionals to provide informed consent on all medical experiments that researched effects on people (Brunner, 2009). Despite the passing of these laws the doctors involved in the study not only withheld information from these men, but also deliberately misinformed them and prevented them from seeking alternative methods of effective treatment.† (Amaris Joy, 2011) How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical? Participants need to be informed and not mislead about the study. Researchers should not maximize harm to obtain maximum benefit The rights of Human beings/dignity should be of a high priority Research should be made explicit Blood samples should have been taken, with consent and with the person being throughly informed, and then be analysed for a cure, thereby not using the individual and having him/her prone to any harm. Since penicilin was used to counter the disease, it should have been enforced. The government should have been aware that the study was going on after they found the penicilin cure and should have shut down the study. They should have been more aware of what was going on. The Willowbrook Study ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for Vulnerable persons Respect for Human dignity Witholding information about risks Coercion or undue pressure on parents to volunteer their children. Willowbrook State School, located in Staten Island, is a school for retarded children, which in 1956, agreed to participate in a research experiment to determine the course of the hepatitis virus and whether or not gamma globulin (a protein complex which contains antigens to provoke the body to produce antibodies) could be used to inoculate children against the virus. How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical? A series of Blood samples of those infected or who have now enrolled to the school, could have been taken with parents informed consent at different phases, and analysed with the various methods to find the cure. Children should not be taken for experimentation without their consent or parents consent children should not have been used as test subjects at all. Laud Humphrey, 1960s, Washington University (PhD diss) Tearoom Sex Study The study planned first to obtain information about homosexual practices in public restrooms and then to conduct further investigation on the men who took part in the acts. The researcher went undercover and gained the confidence of the men by acting as a look out. The researcher identified 100 active subjects by tracing their car license numbers. A year after he completed the initial study of direct observation of homosexual acts the researcher distributed a social health survey throughout the communities where he knew the subjects lived. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for privacy and confidentiality Respect for vulnerable persons Ensuring research was conducted in the best interest of society Respect for free and informed consent How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical? What Laud Humphrey should have done, was not to pry on peoples privacy, but interview those who were willing to go along with his study, who found themselves in that category. Questionaires/Surveys done with confidentiality could have been done instead, being distributed to various communities. Section 2-Report THE UNIVERSITY OF RED BRICKS WARRENVILLE CAMPUS Research Ethics Board March 11, 2014 Dr. Researcha, University of Red Bricks, Warrenville Campus. Re: Approval report on the research proposal requested by Dr. Geographia. Dear Dr. Researcha, As an external reviewer of Dr. Geographias study of community vulnerability to natural disasters, I have approved the complete protocol, â€Å"Strategies of the richest and most famous: Minimizing vulnerability to Earthquakes and other Natural Disasters in Trinidad and Tobago.† The Project is scheduled to last twenty-four months, which includes the areas of Warrenville and surroundings, commencing on May 5, 2014. Dr. Geographia, is very experienced in this area of study, has published in peer reviewed journals, and has many books published in the subject area of natural hazards and risk perceptions. The protocol involves no special populations in particular, thereby reducing the ethical principle of subject vulnerability. The pupose of the proposed research is limited only to the social elite, being approximately five percent and not to socio-economically disadvantaged groups. According to the proposal read, this study seeks to disclose the resources, networks, and strategies of the countrys wealthiest and apply the results gained to formulate a â€Å"trickle-down† mobilization stategy. In emulating societys elite, this can strengthen the socially disadvantaged in coping with natural hazards. The study incorporates views and community perceptions.Quantitative methods such as blood sampling, laboratory usage, and other sampling experiments and analysis will not be performed. The study is a Qualitative study. Research material will be obtained through semi-structured interview via researchers within the residents homes, taped and transcibed, completed in the participants homes for their comfort, in keeping with ensuring research is conducted in the best interest of the society as a whole. The ethical principle of Privacy and confidentiality will therefore not be compromised as the study demands the highest discretions due to the wealth status of the individuals participating. Respect for free and informed consent, will be adhered, since once the participant decides to take part, their verbal consent will be recorded, and therefore a consent form will not be necessary. Data will be collated and analyzed in order to formulate applications to prevent loss and vulnerability among the poorest in the Region. Her study in no way violates any other ethical principles such as respect for human dignity, confidentiality, justice, and respect for minimizing harm and maximising benefit. No harm is done to the participants in the study. It has minimal to no risks involved. Benefits are obtained, when results are obtained and analyzed accordingly. The proposal is a more or less cost effective study. Whatever expences are required, are thereby funded by Right Hand Left Hand Insurance Group. A suggestion that I would recommend, is that Dr. Geographia should incorporate in her study, the views and opinions of the Poor. The study should be revised to incorporate the poor, although the main focus is on the social elite. The perspectives of the socio-economically disadvantage will add leverage to her study, and a deeper understanding of their own responces to natural hazards can be contrasted and compared to that of the social elite. Sincerly, _________________________ TARA TRISHA MANNIE. EXTERNAL REVIEWER

How to Write a Personal Narrative Essay :: Personal Narrative Writing

How to Write a Personal Narrative Essay There is very little mystery to writing the personal narrative essay. There is no proper topic for such an essay. An essay can be about a variety of personal experiences. You, the writer, have the right to say what you want about your personal experience. You can write about anything -- Aunt Sally, the funky necklace you bought at a garage sale, the harrowing experience of being stuck in an elevator, the best Christmas you ever had, the worst day of your life. No topic or subject is off-limits; therefore there are endless opportunities to write an essay about your personal, point-of-view of what happened. Often the reason behind wanting to write a personal essay is unclear. Once the writing begins and the events are recorded and recounted it becomes clear that the writer is searching to find the meaning, the universal truth, the lesson learned from the experience. When writing, rewriting and good editing coalesce, a personal narrative essay becomes a beautiful thing. It shows how the past or a memory’s significance affects the present or even the future. We all have stories to tell. But facing a blank page is intimidating. Knowing where to begin becomes a real dilemma. A good place to start is with the word I. Write I was, I saw, I did, I went, I cried, I screamed, I took for granted. I is an empowering word. Once you write it on the page it empowers you to tell your story. That’s exactly what you are going to do next. Tell the story. Get it all out. Don’t worry about how many times I appears in the text. Don’t worry how scattered and unfocused thoughts are. Write however your mind tells you to write. This style is often called freewheeling writing or stream of consciousness. Once the story is all down on paper you will go back and begin to shape the essay into a form that says exactly what you want it to say about your experience. If you’re discouraged over what you’ve written, back away from it. Let it rest. Take a walk. Do something that distracts your mind from writing the essay. Many writers fi nd that even while doing something other than writing, their writing mind continues to work out what needs to be said and continues to uncover the multi-layered associations and voices of what they’re writing about.